Effect of liquid biofertilizer with Herbal Insecticide Garlic

(Allium sativum L.) on productivity of Gram (Cicer arietinum) and Infestation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

 

Keshav Singh*, Deepak Kumar Bhartiya

Vermibiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University,

Gorakhpur-273009 U.P. India.

 

ABSTRACT:

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Indiscriminate use of the chemical fertilizer, pesticide has harmful effects on soil health, human health, ground water health and environment. The chemical fertilizers also disturbed the organic matter cycling, natural soil fertility and the productivity at certain level¹. So, now the use of non-chemical fertilizers and pesticides is one of the common practices that has been used in agricultural systems, which consist of bio-fertilizers, produced by the efficient management of biological wastes.

 

In order to feed the ever growing populations, India has to increase the per unit area productivity.

 

Liquid biofertilizer formulation is the promising and updated technology which inspite of many advantages over the agrochemicals. Liquid biofertilizer facilities the long survival of the organisms by providing the suitable medium which is sufficient for the entire crop cycle². The botanicals were safe to natural enemies in different crop ecosystems^3-5.

 

Bio-pesticides have potential for pest management and they are being used across the world⁶. Biopesticide is a botanical pesticide extracted directly from the plants that contain toxic compound which is used for pest control. One of the most aromatic herbaceous annual spices is the garlic (Allium sativum L.), which belongs to a member of the Alliaceae family⁷. In addition, garlic is considered the second spice crop of Allium crops which cultivated most widely in the world, after to onion, which characterized by powerful spicy smell⁸.

 

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. family, Leguminasae) is generally known as gram or Bengal gram is the most important pulse crop in India and also considered as ‘King of pulses’⁹. The crop has multiple uses in rural as well as urban India. India is the largest producer of gram with 75 per cent of world acreage and production.Gram is the crop of tropical, subtropical and temperate region and widely grown in U.P, M.P, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra which is popularly used as a protein adjunct to starchy diets¹⁰. Seed of gram contains 17.1% protein, 5.3% fats, 61.2% carbohydrates, 3.9% fibers and 2.7% minerals¹¹.

 

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a cosmopolitan, highly polyphagous pest, distributed widely in Indian sub-continent¹². It is a prolific and wide spread pest known to feed on several economically important crops such as chickpea, pigeon pea, cotton, sorghum, groundnut, tomato and most of the vegetables¹³. The H. armigera is a key pest of chickpea and causes serious yield loss in most places where ever chickpea is grown and reported to have developed resistance to many commonly used insecticides¹⁴. Worldwide annual crop loss due to H. armigera alone is approximately 5 billion US dollar¹⁵.

 

In India, million tons of cattle dung and agro-wastes are produce annually^1,16. Whereas livestock dung are produced annually millions of tons as the rate of buffalo dung 12.20Kg/animal/day, cow dung 11.6 Kg/animal/day and goat dung 0.70Kg/animal/day¹⁶. Animal dung, kitchen and agro-wastes as well as municipal solid wastes (MSW) creates serious problems for society, caused environmental hazards and various ill effects on human life and their domestic animals, if their proper management and disposal practices are not available^17-21.

 

Vermiwash is liquid manure, extracted from vermicomposts²². Its foliar spray significantly increases the growth and productivity of crop^23-25. The nutrients that are present in vermiwash are water-soluble and immediate requirements from a number of components can be met from a single source. Vermiwash contains high quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium, magnesium zinc and are alkaline in nature. Freshly collected vermiwash contains many beneficial microbes that promotes the plant growth and prevents infections. The Hormones that promotes the plant growth like indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid etc are also present. The vermiwash must be diluted before its application on the plants. It is one of the most cost efficient and environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal²⁶. It has significant ‘growth promoting’ as well as ‘pest killing’ properties.

 

The aim of the present project work is to observe the suitable combination of vermiwash from municipal solid wastes with garlic based biopesticides for the proper germination, growth, productivity and minimization of pest infestation.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Collection of Wastes and Experiment Set up for Vermicomposting:

Municipal solid wastes and buffalo dung were collected from the local municipality and farmhouse of the Gorakhpur city. Vermibed were preparing from MSW and buffalo dung (in 1:1 w/w) and for pretreatment exposed to the sunlight for 8 to 10 days to remove the various harmful organism and noxious gases. After pretreated, adult earthworms Eisenia fetida were inoculated in each vermibed for vermicomposting. The culture of the earthworm E. fetida used during the experiment was procured from the Vermibiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, India. The vermi reactors had covered with a fine mesh screen in order to prevent the worms in bed and allow gas exchange and also moisten daily up to 40-50 days for maintaining the moisture (55±5% RH). After one week interval vermibed were turned manually. The tea like granules, brown color have been appearance on the upper surface of each vermibed after 90 days i.e., vermicompost collected for extraction of vermiwash²⁰.

 

Extraction of Vermiwash:

Vermiwash were extracted from prepared vermiwash with earthworms by the help of vermiwash collecting device. The apparatus is made from plastic drum having capacity of two liter and an outlet tap at the bottom. The drum is filled with broken bricks; about 3cm thickened which is followed by sand layer of 2-3cm thickness lastly filled with vermicompost with earthworms, Eisenia fetida. Simultaneously one liter fresh water was added in drum and after 24h open tap and allow to drops to drops in collecting beaker²⁰.

 

Extraction of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Plant parts:

Garlic leaves and fruit were collect from the local garden near to Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India and dried in direct sunlight for two weeks, with periodic turning. The 100gm garlic bulbs were crushed with 100ml water, dried and then aqueous extract (w/v) was prepared. The aqueous extract of garlic bulb was mixed with vermiwash (v/v) in 1:10 ratio and further diluted ten times with water for foliar application on experimental plant. Prepared vermiwash with biopesticides spread in gram crop at the interval of 15 days and first spray 10 days after sowing.

 

Measure the Growth, Production of Gram (Cicer arietinum) and Helicoverpa armigera Pest Infestation:

For the measure of different parameters of gram (Cicer arietinum) variety-showed in agricultural field of Zoology Research Building II Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, India. In the field, randomly select six spots, each square meter area was be used for sowing the pulse crops. The effect of vermiwash with garlic bio-pesticides were measured germinations on pulse crop, for this seeds soaked in different combinations for time duration 24 h and observed in per cent. For growth (cm.) of gram observation, randomly selected plant from each spot were used and by the help of Auxanometer at the interval of 15 days after 30 days of sowing. The flowering (days) of gram will be measured as 50% of gram plant flowered. The productivity will be measured as kg/m of pulse crops. The different combinations of vermiwash with garlic biopesticides will be sprayed over the crops after each 20 days interval for the measurement of growth, whereas, at the time of starting of flowering after each 7 days interval the different combinations of vermiwash with biopesticides will be sprayed over the crops and control have no treatment.

 

Statistical Analysis:

All the experiments were replicated six times for the purpose of obtaining consistency in theresult and finding out the mean with standard error. DMRT used for determined the significance in each column as growth, flowering as well as productivity of crops²⁷.

 

RESULTS:

Table 1: Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of municipal solid wastes and garlic plant parts biopesticide on growth, flowering of gram plant.

Combination	Seed Germination (%)	Growth (cm) after
		30 days	45 days	60 days	Flowering
Control	71±1.12	9.36±0.50	17.13±1.10	28.11±1.04	33.18±1.80
VW	90±1.15	13.21±0.40	21.68±1.20	32.57±1.00	28.52±1.10
VW+GL	99±1.27	14.20±0.50	23.82±1.45	35.52±1.20	28.92±1.30
VW+GF	98±1.05	13.70±0.56	22.00±1.32	34.23±1.44	27.50±1.50

VW = Vermiwash, GL = Garlic leaf, GF = Garlic bulb

 

Table 2: Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of municipal solid wastes and garlic plant parts biopesticide on productivity of gram plant and pest infestation of H. armigera.

Combinations	Pod pest infestation (%) after
	90 days	105 days	120 days
Control	2.70±0.04	9.25±0.65	17.60±0.34
VW	1.27±0.01	6.83±0.44	11.30±0.67
VW+GL	0.17±0.01	3.12±0.10	0.77±0.02
VW+GF	0.16±0.01	1.74±0.09	0.14±0.01

VW = Vermiwash, GL = Garlic leaf, GF = Garlic bulb

 

Table 3: Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of municipal solid wastes and garlic plant parts biopesticide on productivity of gram plant.

Combinations	Productivity
	No. of pod/plant	After harvesting (g/m2)
Control	16.32±1.40	386.11±14.89
VW	37.21±2.30	667.57±23.36
VW+GL	38.20±2.22	633.52±20.47
VW+GF	38.70±2.35	657.24±20.42

VW = Vermiwash, GL = Garlic leaf, GF = Garlic bulb

 

The effect of soaking for 24h of vermiwash with garlic based biopesticides on germination of gram (Cicer arietinum) plant was observed. There was significant % germination of gram seed in vermiwash (VW) with aqueous extract of garlic plant parts 90±1.15 to 98±1.30 % than control 71±1.12 % (Table 1).

The data displayed in Table 1 that the foliar spray of vermiwash obtained from MSW and buffalo dung with garlic plant parts were, significantly increased the growth of gram plant. There was time dependent significant growth was observed after spray of VW with different aqueous extract of garlic plant parts. The maximum growth of gram 35.52±1.20 cm was observed in after 60 days by spray of VW+GL combination (Table 1). Among all the combinations of vermiwash with garlic plant parts showed significant early flowering. The earliest flowering 27.50±1.50 days was observed after sprayed of VW+GF (Table 1).

 

The effect of VW and with aqueous extract of garlic plants parts on Helicoverpa armigera pest infestation (pest@100 pod) of gram (Cicer arietinum) plant was observed at 15 days interval (Table 2). There was significant reduction of Helicoverpa armigera pest infestation after foliar spray of vermiwash with aqueous extract of garlic plant parts. The significant lowest pest infestation of gram pod borer was observed in combinations of VW with GF after 90, 105 and 120 days (Table 2).

 

The effect of foliar spray of vermiwash obtained from MSW and buffalo dung along and with garlic based biopesticides on the productivity of gram (Cicer arietinum) plant as studied. The maximum number of pod per plant was observed 38.70±2.35 in treated with VW+GF followed by 38.20±2.22g/m² by VW+GL. The maximum productivity of gram plant was observed 657.24±20.42g/m² in treated with VW+GF (Table 3).

 

DISCUSSION:

The vermiwash with aqueous extract of garlic plant parts showed significant germination of gram (Cicer aritenum) plant may be due to presence of different plant hormones and micro-macro nutrients in vermiwash. Vermiwash of different wastes are rich source of enzymes, vitamins, plant growth hormones (such as IAA, gibberellins, cytokines) and also provide nutrients (such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium etc.)²⁸. The significantly increased the growth of gram plants was observed due to foliar spray of vermiwash and garlic based biopesticides. The vermiwash is a natural growth supplements for tea, coconut and horticultural crops²⁴.

 

Vermiwash obtained from dissolution of organic matter by earthworm is additionally found as a good liquid manure and influence altogether on the development and productivity of crop as foliar spray²⁹. Garlic extract performs the dual function of both fertilizer and pesticide of organic origin. It also acts as a soil enricher, reduces the growth of soil pest and bacteria. Moreover it provides macro-nutrients essential for all plant growth, helps to increase the yield of plants in the long run, bio-degradable and Eco-friendly and excellent soil conditioner³⁰. Nitrogen in the form of mucus, nitrogenous excretory substances growth stimulating hormones and enzyme are present in vermiwash³¹. The vermiwash revealed potential application in sustainable development in agriculture biotechnology with respect to its origin, cost effectiveness, availability, reproducibility, reliability as well as biopesticide and eco-friendly soil conditioner³². The foliar applications of combinations of vermiwash obtained from animal dung and MSW with bio-pesticides garlic (Allium sativum), aqueous extract of leaf, vermiwash alone caused significant growth, start early flowering, enhance productivity as well as significant reduction (P>0.05) in pest infestation of gram crop.

 

The maximum no. of pod per plant was observed in treated with VW+GF > VW+GL showed that garlic based fruit biopesticides were more protective than leaves. Large amount of humic acids was produced during vermicomposting and extracted in vermiwash¹. The highest no. of seed per pod was observed in VW > BF which reviled that vermiwash was responsible for no. of grain in gram pod. There was no significant difference of fresh seed weight because in control even small no. of pod and or grain observed but it size and weigh large. There was significant pest infestation in control >VW after 100 days, this observation showed effect of garlic based biopesticides. The significant low pest infestation of gram pest was observed 100 days by treatment with VW+BF which showed the maximum use fruit aspesticides.

 

The hormones produced by high microbial activity in vermicompost present in vermiwash are very effective in growth and flowering of plants, the hormones auxins, promotes the plant growth and gibberellins stimulate the early flowering in long photo period plant³³. The phosphorus is one of the major essential nutrients for biological growth and development³⁴. Many soil microorganism are able to solubilize the unavailable forms of calcium bound P through their metabolic activities.

 

The hormone auxins promote the plant growth and gibberellins stimulate the early flowering in long photo-period plant^35,36. Vermiwash/vermicompost enriched with certain metabolites and vitamins are important for plant growth and productivity^37,38. Vermiwash with different biopesticide like neem (Azadirachta indica) oil, aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) bulb and leaf extract of custard apple (Annona squamosa) caused significant reduction in economically harmful insect pest from various agricultural crops ultimately enhancing the growth, early flowering and productivity of gram          crop ^39-41. The aqueous extract obtained from neem plant part and garlic bulb causes significant reduction in per cent pod damage and promotes the growth, early flowering and productivity of gram plant⁴². The organic material in the soil continuously increased with increased vermiwash^43,44.

 

The effect of vermiwash of different vermicomposts of animal agro and kitchen wastes observed on the growth, flowering periods and productivity of different Rabi crops viz. wheat, gram, pea and mustard²⁵. The vermiwash at a higher dilution is able to bring about increased germination rate and enhanced seedling growth in plants studied⁴⁵.

 

Garlic is effective against, wide range of insects at different stages in their life cycle⁴⁶. Leaf lectins of Allium sativum have been found to minimize the pupal weight, pupal period, pupation and adult emergence of the pod borer H. armigera (Hübner)⁴². Garlic produces a pungent alliaceous compound, allyl propyldisulphide, which may be responsible for its pest repellent characteristic⁴⁷. The combination of vermiwash with biopesticides have significant growth, early flowering and productivity of gram crop as well as significant reduction in pod pest infestation of H. armigera²⁵.

 

CONCLUSION:

The present study is information about the management of MSW and production of vermiwash as well as plant product biopesticides for better growth flowering and productivity as well as reduction pest infestation on gram (Cicer arietinum) plant. The used of vermiwash and garlic based biopesticides have significant per cent germination of seed, growth, early flowering, productivity and reduced the reduced the H. armigera pest infestation. Thus vermiwash used be a better technology for pest infestation and used as organic farming. The use of vermiwash and biopesticides are less expensive, non-hazardous and eco-friendly for human as well as animal health.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

Authors are thankful to Prof. Ajay Singh, Head, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP; India

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

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Accepted on 07.04.2020           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(6):2567-2572.